The History Of The Shade Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essay

The History Of The Shade Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essay The aim of this research project is a critical analysis of dark tourism in relation to its application to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum in New York, USA. This dissertation will analyse dark tourism, related to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, shade of dark tourism, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, and strategies of them, then to depth analysis of details of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum. The literature review shows secondary research and quantitative research, conducted on dark tourism is, the shade framework of dark tourism and some strategies of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum. This indicates analyses structure of the case study. Through this dissertation, the author aim and objectives were achieved, and further suggestions and analysis are provided which could help Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum better match their aim and mission. Chapter 1. Introduction In this section, why Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum have been chosen as a case study are explained. September 11th, 2001 North America suffered a most serious terrorist attack by al Qaeda. The World Trade Center in New York was destroyed and many people died in this attack. Nowadays, American and New York government decide build Ground Zero in the site of the World Trade Center and build the 9/11 Memorial Museum for people to remembers and understand how terrible terrorism is. After the 9/11 attacks, there are many people remembered victims through in many ways, and visitor numbers increased. In recent years, the dark tourism has start to develop (Sharpley and Stone, 2009), and the 9/11 attacks shocked the whole world thus, Ground Zero as a new building and the 9/11 Memorial Museum as the main memorial place, these are the main reasons for the author choosing them as a case study. These are related to dark tourism. Aim: To undertake critical analysis of dark tourism in relation to its application to Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum. Objectives: To critically evaluate dark tourism. To analyse Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum as memorial sites. To evaluate tourism management strategies in relation to balancing the negative and positive side of dark tourism relating to tourism at Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Chapter 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This part is composed of research and information into the meaning of dark tourism and its various shades shade, the situation of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, and the strategies used to manage Ground Zero and memorial museum. 2.2 Evaluation of dark tourism Each tourism product has a complex design, therefore it is not can easy to definite dark tourism as dark or light (Stone, 2006). In this situation, in order to distinguish dark tourism, the author needs a prudent scale to argue and analyse the shade of dark tourism. Stone (2006) made a summary of the different shade of dark tourism. Table 1: shade of dark tourism Sources: Stone (2006): A dark tourism spectrum: perceived product features of dark tourism within a darkest lightest framework of supply. Each dark tourism site could be analysed by this framework, to define its shade. For Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum the author will use this table to analyse the shade from the definition of dark tourism mentioned above, it is easy to see that dark tourism relates to death and suffering, Stone (2006) referring to Miles (2002) suggests that the difference between sites of death and suffering and sites associated with death and suffering should be understood. The former is the site at a place where there has been death and suffering, and the latter is a site which is connected to death and suffering. Ground Zero was built at the site of the World Trade Center, which was destroyed in 2001 and in which almost 3000 people died (CNN news 2009), Ground Zero corresponds to the sites of death and suffering. On the other hand 9/11 Memorial Museum is not built on the site of the World Trade Center, it just close to the site and its main purpose is to function as a memorial, so this mu seum is part of the sites associated with death and suffering. However, thorough other aspect in table 1 and based on the main theory from Stone (2006) and Miles (2002) , the shades of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum and impact of dark tourism will be analysed late in the Findings section. 2.3 An analysis of Ground Zero. In 09/11/2001, there was an attack by terrorists and the World Trade Center was destroyed, New York is currently rebuilding this site which has a new name Ground Zero. 9/11 was the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of mankind, and now there is a different attitude to related to this site. On May 1, 2011 President Obama announced that American Navy Seals had killed Osama bin Laden who was the mastermind of the 9/11 attacks. Alter (2011) points out that when America heard this news they celebrated and reflected on, most of them going to the grounds of the White House in Washington and to Ground Zero in New York. In this way Ground Zero may be a place for Americans to remember the people who died on 11th September. Although the World Trade Center was destroyed, but now when the people look at Ground Zero, they will recall the memory of 9/11 and they mourn the dead people. In order to offer a good place to people for memory the government is building a museum in 2006 and put into use in 2011 (9/11 Memorial Museum). As can be seen from this place today, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial museum becomes the main place to have a memory of dead people. These information which mentioned above show one of the main purpose of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum is to remember victims. In this sense, the provide information help the author achieve the objective 2, which is Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum are memorial sites in New York. Memory as the main reason for Ground Zero, and in recent years, especially after 9/11 American government has been ceaselessly the implementating stringent anti- terrorism measures. Miller (2011) points that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the 9/11 terrorist attacks set the stage for the War on Terrorism, in the form of subsequent U.S led invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. In the past, there have been other terrorist attacks on America, but none created such a great influence, in the sense of 9/11 which meant terrorist declared war on humans, and after this event the American government made a strong response to terrorism, and the rebuilding at the site of the World Trade Center means people do not bow to terrorism (Walsh, 2001). In this situation, Ground Zero will be a sign of war on terrorism. Because of the 9/11 terrorism attacks, the U.S government launched a massive counterattack to terrorism, and also affect on the policies and strategies. More details will be analysed in the Findings later. 2.4 Strategies of Ground Zero and 9/11 memorial museum. Sliverstein et al., (2012) in their report refer to after the 9/11 the main signification and action of the World Trade Center is rebuild and memorial. Ground Zero is the new building on the site of the World Trade Center and today the main place to remember 9/11 victims is at the 9/11 Memorial Museum. The author summarises a time line about the main actions of America and New York between 2001 to 2011. Table 2: Main strategies of America and New York after the 9/11 This table just a summarise of the main strategies and action that government used in the past 10 years. Through this table could help the author clean understand the main action of American and New York government to do after 9/11 terrorism attacks. In the findings, the author will use this table to analysis more detail of the government do and related to the significants of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum to analyses. Except strategies and policies on table 2, the author will based on Porters (1985) generic strategy to make a professional strategies anaysis of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum. There are two ways which suitable for Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum to achieve their mission and help the author achieve objective 3: differentiation and cost leadership. Although the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are nonprofits making organisations but their main purpose is make more people understand 9/11 and how horrible terrorism is. In this situation, Ground Ze ro and the 9/11 Memorial Museum also needed strategies to develop them. When an organisation uses a different strategy, it seeks to offer something unique to its customers that they will appreciate. This can be found in marketing sales or the actual product or service. This strategy usually involves charging a premium price to customers to cover the higher production costs and added-value feature. If a organisation uses the cost leadership strategy then it aims to be the lowest-cost producer in the industry to which it belongs. This strategy is usually employed by a large business that produces a standard with little differentiation. It will offer discounts on the products to further increase profits and market share (Porter, 2004). The basis of above-average performance within an industry is sustainable competitive advantage. A cost leadership approach means a firm sets out to become the low cost producer in its industry. Note that a cost leader must achieve parity or at least proximity on the bases of differentiation, even though it relies on cost leadership for its competitive advantage, if more than one company aim for cost leadership, usually this is disastrous, it is often achieved by economies of scale. In this case study, the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are free for tourists, although some other museum also feel free but the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum try to add more value on their products. In the museum, the organisation offers more useful value and information to customers (9/11 Memorial Museum Organisation) more service details will be analysed in the Findings. The differentiation approach means that a firm seeks to be unique in its industry along some dimensions that are widely valued by buyers (Porter 2004). A differentiator can not ignore its cost position. In all areas that do not affect its differentiation, it should try to decrease the cost; in the differentiation area, the costs should at least be lower than the price premium it receives from the buyers. The areas of differentiation can be product, distribution, sales, marketing, service and image. In this paper, because of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are free for customers, therefore the cost of products in not gong to be the center of analysis in this paper. How are Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum different? Based on Donofrio (2010) and Nevins (2005) refer that 9/11 is the most serious and horrible terrorist attack in the history of mankind, and caused a very serious impact on humans, especially families. In this respect, Ground Zero as the site of this terribel incid ent it has a special meaning, but also it is the most direct place for people to have a memorial for 9/11. For 9/11 Memorial Museum, today this site has become one of the most important places for people to remember 9/11. Because the place of Ground Zero is crowded by traffic, if too many people go there to for remembrance it will impact on traffic, so the government built a museum near by the site of the World Trade Center. For the reasons mentioned above, the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are different from other museum and dark tourism sites. Differentiation strategy is suitable for them to provide a high level of products and services. In the findings the author will make more analysis about these two strategies. 2.5 Conclusion This chapter makes a summarised evaluation of dark tourism, the author pays more attention on the shade of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, this is in order to understand the nature of dark tourism, and the other part assess the impact of dark tourism will be analysed in the Findings. Because the author considered understanding nature of the dark tourism could help author to better analysis. Dark tourism is a whole industry, in this paper the author chose Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum as case study, so in this part author also give some short evaluation of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, a simple analysis the shade of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, and what their mean, it gives out a brief summary of them. The part of 2.2 3 the author based on the characteristics of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum point out two suitable strategies for them to develop, achieve their mission and try to offer a high level of service and information to tourists. In part 2.2 of literature review, the author gives out an overall framework and structure of the whole paper, and expounded which different aspects the author considered and analysed to achieve the aim of this paper based on other authors theories which author researched through secondary research and qualitative research. Chapter Three: Methodology 3.1 Introduction There are many different approach and methods to collect data and information in order to achieve the ultimate goal and solve the research question. This chapter mentions how and why the research data were collected, and also advantages and disadvantages of the chosen methods and how to remedy the disadvantage are presented. The data collected are reliable, credible, and authentic. Steward and Kamins (1993) point out that the main research methods could be divided into primary research, secondary research, qualitative research and quantitative research. As the author determined the overall use of secondary research was chosen in this project to achieve the aim, so methodology will provide sufficient justification to explain why secondary research was selected. Thoms (2009) points out that successful research should include the following elements: purpose, question, approach, and method. Hart (2007. p28) argues that the procedure for formulating a method is a system of methods and rul es to be collected and analysis of data and information. In the following paragraph the author will follow Thoms (2009) and Harts (2007) elements to present the methodology and analyse why secondary research was chosen to collect the data and how to analyse the information . 3.2 The Research Process To determine the choice of approach in the research process, the author will use the following Research Process Onion model, introduced by Saunders et al. (2003) is used. The research process onion allows the researcher to identify the many different layers in the research process and to eliminate or identify the most suitable process. The research process onion consists of the following five different layers: The model is used by starting from step one, the outer layer, which illustrates research philosophy, and peeling away the layers when different criteria have been set until reaching the end, which introduces the possible data collection methods. Once the last step has been reached, the parameters of the research have been established. 3.3 Type of research The first stage of the research onion is called research philosophy. Saunders et al (2003, p. 83) argue that the research philosophy depends on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the way that you think about the development of the knowledge. There are four main philosophies that are used to approach the research: positivist, interpretive, realism, and phenomenology. There are two features of positivism philosophy, they are belief that the natural and the social sciences could help the author achieve the aim through the collection of data and information and to explain, then offer an external reality data support and explain the points (Bryman 2001). On the other hand, the interpretivistic philosophy asserts that the assumptions of both philosophies are unwarranted; especially in cases where the objectives of study are influenced by many factors, and are extremely difficult to isolate and control in experimental laboratory settings (Hirschheim and Klein 1994). The realistic philosophy shares two features with a positivism philosophy: a belief that the natural and the social sciences should apply the same kinds of approach to the collection of data and to explanation, and a commitment to the view that there is an external reality to which scientists direct their attention (Bryman 2001). The first three are not appropriate to this study as the positivist paradigm requires mainly quantitative data and uses large samples; interpretive paradigm is more concerned with generating theories and realism investigates relationship between two variables. The latter one has been used for this study as it was the most suitable for this type of research. The phenomenological approach can be applied to a single case, which is appropriate to this research study as the researcher used one Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum as a case study for investigation. The use of phenomenology in the scenario then was to look into what presented itself that is the tourist attraction, its facilities and performance and then explore behind the scenes and question how the tourism operators sell themselves and of any special techniques which are used to do this. This is summarized by Mariampolski (2001): According to phenomenology, the purpose of the human sciences which presumably includes market research is to pry beneath the surface to expose these categories and habits of mind that shape out perceptions. This research study lends itself to a realistic approach, where the author recognises that areas such as strategy and visitors attitudes cannot be measured and studied in the same way physical process can. Instead, the author wants to discover the mechanisms that brought Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum prosper and where possible, will try to measure the theory applied within the study. The existence of competing, or even explanations is one of the features of realist research. (Fisher, 2004. p 16) 3.4 Research strategies and approach The research objectives were to investigate the key metrics as indicators for success; this involved conducting secondary research by studying data and reports. Based on the objectives, it can be said that this research is an explanatory study. According to Robson (1993), this is a type of discovery is: What is happening; to seek new insights; to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light. Exploratory studies are about discovering new information and generating ideas and hypotheses. The researcher explored the factors that contribute to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, and how these places gaining a competitive advantage as these were unknown prior to conducting the study. The approach to the study involved a combination of inductive and deductive approaches, inductive because the researcher collected data and then analysed it to draw conclusions and offer theories; deductive because the researcher studied previous research and evidence through the literature review and then compared it to findings to see how they corresponded or contrasted with each other. The strength of inductive arguments is often weaker than deductions. Deductions are certainties but inductive conclusions are probabilities (Fisher, 2004. p 76) These diverse methods area particularly suited for the research as it requires different analysis and allows for more research to be conducted and analysed. Some qualitative data were used for secondary research, involving studying statistic at figures which relates to the three objectives in finding out the indicators of success. Once this data was analysed conclusions were offered to how Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum gains a competitive advantage. 3.5 Research choice The study will benefit from the use of current secondary data to make clear many of the contradictory findings throughout various authors work, therefore, a report-based approach to data collection was adopted, by examining the annual reports and surveys conducted. In the following section the author will analyes why secondary research was chosen. Gene (1976) points out that secondary research is a way to reanalyse data to answer the question, to achieve the purpose, or use old data to answer a new question. Thus, secondary research is through books, journals, websites, or other researchers findings were used to collect data and material. For primary research and secondary research each have their own advantages, for primary research, Steward and Kamins (1993) indicate that primary research have the following advantages. The first is primary research which could allow the researcher collect the data they want and report it in a beneficial way to support the researcher. The second is primary research enables the author to better grasp and control how the information is collected. The last is the way to help companies who under take primary research to keep information hidden from the competitors and possibly offer an information advantage to these companies. Primary research has some deficiencies but for the author, the projects research will use the secondary research. The author will first point out is to the advantages of secondary research. Steward and Kamins (1993) also given some advantages of secondary research. The biggest advantage of secondary research is saving time and cost, because secondary research allows the author to use of secondary data to support a point of view and this will be easier, and sometimes secondary research could provide a higher quality of data than from a new research, like primary research. If the author wants to obtain some information about suggestions for problem planning, research hypotheses and research methods, secondary research could provide these additional advantages. In addition, secondary research also helps researchers to clarify the issue they want to study, and previous primary research can help clarify the focus of the study. Although there are some deficiencies with secondary research, Bryman and Bell (2007, p.334) point out the limitation of secondary research as the following three: 1. Lack of data relating to the research. 2. The data that are collected are complex; some of these data have a large number of respondents and variables. 3. The quality of data is not controllable. 3.6. Construction of the research For this dissertation, a lot of data were obtained from references source such as books, journals, reports, and networks. Most books which author found were in university library. Not only books, but also a large number of journals, magazines, E bookwere used. For secondary research, the author also included information from found websites. The network of all the information from the New York government websites, local government websites, other reports, and Emerald, in these data also include information from E books, these can ensure the datas authenticity, reliability, accuracy and credibility. Real data are better to support this dissertation, and make this dissertation more credible and make up defect of secondary research. According to the aim and objectives, there is much information and data to support this dissertation, however, many of these data sources are not irrelevant. For this reason, the author will consider many aspects of this dissertation to choose the relevant, credible, accurate information, the author will also consider the quality of data, year of information, and when it was published. 3.7 Assessment schematic Rudestam and Newton (2001, p. 60) argue that you need to keep a perspective, and do an evaluation of the advantages of this study, at the same time make a comparative study with same or similar problems. The purpose of the assessment diagram is to ensure that data collection is credible, reliable, effective and could be used for this study. 1. Survey of major issues: Analysis of what are the main issues to be investigated and definition of the concept of the authors work, allows comparison of similar studies. 2. Hypotheses To enquire and evaluate what hypotheses has been stated and whether the theoretical framework is narrowed or broadened 3.The appropriate data for the study To question whether the collected data are appropriate and how they have influenced results and findings. 3.8 Conclusion This chapter explains why the author would choose secondary research to collect and evaluate data. Meanwhile, the author also aware of the limitation of secondary research, therefore, the author would analysis more information and theories to support this study. In this part, the structure will be illustrated that how the author collect information, how to select suitable, correct and accurate information. Chapter 4 Findings 4.1 Evaluation of Dark Tourism. Part 4.1 will introduce the situation of dark tourism and provide a depth analysis of dark tourism in order for the reader to gain an overall concept of dark tourism, and the details of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum will be given in part 4.2. This paper uses Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum for the case study. The museum is a kind of exhibition showing pictures, voices, and experiences, therefore, this part critically examines the value that contemporary and controversial exhibitions techniques play in the visitor experience at sites of historical significance. According to Lennon (2000), dark tourism is a kind of tourism products that signify a fundamental shift in the way in which death, disaster and atrocity are being handled. Sharpley and Stone (2011) also point out that dark tourism includes travel to sites about deaths, disasters and atrocities. It can be easy to understand the definition of dark tourism (also known as black tourism or grief tourism) as a kind of tourism product, meaning a place that people visit in memory of death, disaster, suffering, violence or atrocity. One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon et al. (2000) as dark tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to dark sites such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of genocide, for example concentration camps. Dark tourism remains a small niche market, driven by a wide variety of visitor motivations such as mourning, remembrance, education, macabre curiosity or even entertainment, depending on the social, cultural and political context (Stone, 2006). In this study, the author takes a neutral stance on this issue. There are both positive and negative aspects in contemporary exhibition techniques. Consequently, a particularly complex issue revolves around the consumption of dark tourism. People usually visit such dark sites for emotive and controversial ideas. Someone, within contemporary society, visits such places out of respect and remembrance. Someone could obtain a secret pleasure in gazing on the macabre. While, some people contemplate t heir own mortality at such attractions and exhibitions (Stone, 2006). Nowadays, visitors are no longer satisfied to loll on the beach or gather around the hotel bar with other tourists. The increasing attention paid to the phenomenon of dark tourism may arguably be symptomatic of the trend within academic circles to identify and label specific forms of tourism, or to subdivide tourism into niche products and markets (Novelli, 2005). Visiting Nazi death camps in eastern Europe as a holiday itinerary, enjoying family picnics on the battlefields in northern France, purchasing souvenirs at Ground Zero and allowing schoolchildren to gaze upon tools of torture at the London Dungeon, are all examples of the macabre exhibition. Consequently, the term dark tourism has been gradually entering the public, such as academic and media discourse. By definition, dark tourism mean the visits, intentional or otherwise, to purposeful / non-purposeful sites which offer a presentation of death or suffering (Stone, 2005). Likewise, Tarlow (2005) identifies dark tourism as visitations to places where tragedies or historic deaths have occurred and that continue to impact on people`s lives. Dark tourism sites can be divided into several categories and can be defined in terms of site structure and tourist experience features. The usual type of site is interpretive and historical, whether it is located at the primary scene of an atrocity or at a geographically unrelated place. Often taking on the form of a museum, such places exhibit a narrative and an event-based view of violence, leading the tourists through the history and details of a particular tragedy. An in-context technique, (Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, 1998) to contextualise via labelling and explanation, characterises such displays and works to present violence as explainable and cognitive through education and information. 4.1-1 Positive affects of dark tourism Tung and Ritchie (2011) states that tourism is a way for people seek the experiences and open a way to absorption of those experiences. People collect experiences through travel, go different place, meet different people and culture and experiment different life style. Understand world could help us understand ourselves and develop ourselves (Lanterman 2007 referred to Boniface 1998). Although people can learn many things from school, but experiences of life should experiment by people themselves, tourism provides a way to us to learn. In ancient time, Marco Polo traveled to Asia from Europe, when he backed to his country, he brought many advance technology to his country and made European experiment a lot of new things which they never saw before. Today, with developing of dark tourism, there are many new things for tourists to experience enrich themselves. With the degree of infrastructure and normality that surround the supply of dark tourism, even on varying scales (Stone and Sharpley, 2009), the increasingly socially acceptable gaze on death and its reconceptualisation either for entertainment, education or memorial purpose offers both the individual and collective self a practical confrontational mechanism to begin the process of neutralising the impact of mortality. The educational meaning of dark tourism. Sharpley et al. (2010) state that in the UK, around 30% of schools undertook tours to battlefields. Visiting battlefields provides an opportunity to bring history to life, for history students to gain an understanding of what it might have been like to be a soldier of the time. Religious Studies students may visit sites of mass slaughter in order to explore the spiritual issues and the reactions of different faiths (Sharpley et al., 2010). For Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, they are a part of history of human, and they as the sign of 9/11 it own a special significant, and visitors could learning many things about terrorism and peace in these. Although a tour may exhibit some particular darkness, the experience of visiting battlefields may provide young people with a chance to explore their reactions to death. This reflects the potential mediating role of dark tourism. Secondly, is full of memory to visits. Memorialisation and interpretation are two ways of assuaging feelings such as guilt, fear of forgetting, remembrance and reconciliation (Sharpley et al., 2010). A mass number of visitors to Auschwitz may think of their visit as a pilgrimage, particularly visitors who are survivors or family

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Alfred Kinsey and William Masters and Virginia Johnson...

The scientific method and rules of ethics are important tools when researching and experimenting. When researchers abide by these guidelines, experimentation is considered to be safe for the test subjects, as well as the person conducting the research is considered reputable. Experiments go awry, however, when researchers ignore the scientific method and rules of ethics. The experiments of Alfred Kinsey and the scientific team of William Masters and Virginia Johnson have been criticized for their methods of research and sense of ethics. Both scientific teams researched human sexuality, a topic in which is perpetually scrutinized. Kinsey and Masters and Johnson were not always ethical in their studies, and did not always follow the†¦show more content†¦The ethical standings of Kinsey have been examined numerous times, for the subject matter alone is open for scrutiny. The first rule of ethics states that the participants of scientific research must provide informed consent. A ll of the almost 12,000 participants of Kinsey’s surveys gave their consent (Griffitt and Hatfield). The next rule of ethics is voluntary participation of the test subjects. All participants in Kinsey’s surveys voluntarily agreed to participate (Griffitt and Hatfield). The problem, however, was when Kinsey used data collected from home videos he made in his attic or when he tested the sexuality of children (Keith). Many of the children in these experiments were sexually assaulted by an adult, which is not a consented act, yet Kinsey used the data to help prove his theories (Keith). The third rule of ethics is restricting the use of deception and debriefing the participants at the end of the experiment. The participants in Kinsey’s research were not deceived when they were answering his surveys, which did not require deception or debriefing (Griffitt and Hatfield). Confidentiality is the next rule of ethics, and Kinsey never disclosed the identities of the parti cipants (Griffitt and Hatfield). The final rule of

The Secret Circle The Power Chapter Twelve Free Essays

â€Å"Get out of here before any of them see us,† the voice said tersely. Cassie could smell the acridity of sweat. Jordan, she was thinking. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Power Chapter Twelve or any similar topic only for you Order Now The one with the gun. The one in the Pistol Club. The other one was Logan, who was on the MIT debate team, and was younger than Jordan – or was he older? Cassie never had been able to keep Portia’s brothers straight, even when Portia was telling her about them, back on Cape Cod. Her mind was working very calmly and clearly. They drove her out of New Salem, onto the mainland, keeping her squashed on the floor of the backseat the whole time. Jordan kept his feet on her and kept something cold and hard pressed against the back of her head. As if I were a dangerous criminal or something, Cassie thought. Good grief. What do they think I’m going to do, turn them into toads? The other pair of feet resting on her was feminine. Portia, Cassie guessed. No, Sally. Portia was too aristocratic to tromp on somebody’s legs. Cassie heard the thudding of the tires as they drove over the bridge to the mainland. After that there were a lot of turns, and then a long ride on a bumpy road. When they finally stopped, it was very quiet. They were in the middle of a forest. Birch and beech and oak, the native trees of Massachusetts, grew thickly all around. They let Cassie out of the car, and then the guys marched her into the woods. Cassie could hear the lighter footsteps of the girls following. It seemed like a long walk, farther and farther away from the road and any semblance of civilization. As dark fell, they reached a clearing. Somebody had been here before. Logan’s flashlight showed a fire pit, and ropes hanging from a tree. Portia and Sally – Cassie had been right, it was Sally – made a fire in the pit, while the guys tied Cassie to the tree. They used a lot more rope than Cassie thought necessary. And she didn’t like the look of that fire. â€Å"Why are you doing this?† she asked Logan as he stepped back from tying her. When she could see their faces she could tell Logan from Jordan – Jordan was the one with shark’s eyes. â€Å"Because you’re a witch,† Logan said briefly. â€Å"That’s a reason?† Portia stepped forward. â€Å"You lied,† she said accusingly. â€Å"About the boy on the beach, about everything. All the time, you were a witch yourself.† â€Å"I wasn’t then,† Cassie said, trying to keep her voice steady. â€Å"I am now.† â€Å"Then you admit it. Well, we’re going to do now what we should have done then.† A hard fist of fear clenched in Cassie’s stomach, and she looked at the fire again. Jordan was putting something in it, something long and metal. I’m in trouble, Cassie realized. I am in very, very bad trouble. She needed help. She knew that, and knew of only one way to call for it. Her only weapon was her power. All right, she told herself; do what you did to call to Sean. Get ready, stay calm – now. Adam, she tried to call to him with her mind. Adam, it’s Cassie. I’m in trouble. She wished she had the chalcedony rose to hold while she called; Adam had told her it would help make contact with him. But the chalcedony rose was Diana’s. Don’t think about that now. Think about Adam. You need to make Adam hear you. Adam, she called again, putting all her strength behind it. Strange that the ability to push with her mind, to do whatever she did to send the power lancing out, didn’t seem to deteriorate with use. Instead, it was like a muscle, getting stronger as she exercised it. Adam, she called again, keeping the message simple and clear. It’s Cassie. I need help. He’ll come, she told herself. He’ll find this place somehow; he’ll come if I can just stay calm and wait. It was the thought of what might happen before Adam came that chilled the blood in her veins. So here she was, stuck in the middle of nowhere with four witch hunters. And the silence was getting on her nerves. â€Å"The least you can do,† she said slowly, speaking to Logan and Sally because she didn’t think Jordan or Portia would answer, â€Å"is explain yourselves. You’ve got me out here, and the least you can do is tell me why you hate witches so much. Because I don’t understand.† â€Å"Are you crazy?† Logan said, as if it should be perfectly obvious. Then, as she continued to stare at him, he said simply, â€Å"Because they’re evil.† â€Å"Logan †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cassie searched his face in the firelight. â€Å"We’re just like you. We’re more – in touch – with nature, that’s all. We study it and we celebrate it, and sometimes we can get it to do things for us. But we’re not evil. Look,† she said, as Logan turned away, â€Å"we have our faults like everybody else, but basically we try to be good.† â€Å"What about Faye Chamberlain?† Sally snapped, joining the conversation suddenly. â€Å"Is she good?† â€Å"There’s good in Faye,† Cassie said, even more slowly. â€Å"Diana said that once to me, and it’s true. Faye just has to find it. But anyway, you can’t judge all of us by one person.† â€Å"How about what they did to the entire school for years? You’re calling that good? They treated everybody like slaves!† â€Å"That was wrong, I admit it,† Cassie said. â€Å"But Diana didn’t do that – if people treated her like a princess, it wasn’t her fault. Faye was the one treating people like slaves. Some of the others went along because they didn’t think about it. And whatever they did, this isn’t the way to solve it!† â€Å"Mr. Brunswick is going to solve it,† said Portia briefly. â€Å"Mr. Brunswick is a murderer! He is not your friend, Portia. He’s the one who killed Kori Henderson, Chris and Doug’s sister. He killed her because she didn’t fit in with his plans. And he killed Mr. Fogle, the old principal, because he wanted to take his place. And,† Cassie said, â€Å"he killed Jeffrey, Sally! Yes. He did it out of spite as far as I can see – or else to drive the witches and the outsiders farther apart. He wants us to hate each other.† â€Å"That’s ridiculous,† Logan said. â€Å"Why would he want that?† â€Å"Because,† Cassie said, shutting her eyes, knowing it was probably useless, â€Å"he is a witch. The bad kind. The only completely bad one I’ve ever met. And I think he wants us to wipe you out. Or maybe he just wants to take us somewhere else and wipe out the people there. I don’t know what he wants,† she said, opening her eyes, â€Å"but whatever it is, it isn’t good. It isn’t something that’s going to make you happy.† â€Å"Oh, forget this crap. Let’s get started,† Jordan said. â€Å"No, wait, I want to get something clear.† Sally stood in front of Cassie, eye to eye. â€Å"You said Brunswick killed Jeffrey – but he couldn’t have. He wasn’t even in New Salem that night, or when the other murders were committed, either.† â€Å"Oh, he was here, he just wasn’t up and around,† muttered Cassie. She looked at Sally. â€Å"He didn’t need to be there. He’s a witch. He sent out power – dark energy – to do it. Or else maybe he took over somebody’s mind and made them do it.† Like Faye, Cassie was thinking grimly. When it came right down to it, Faye could have pushed Kori down the steps to break her neck, and could have dislodged a boulder to start a rock slide on Mr. Fogle. She could even have gotten Jeffrey down to the boiler room on some pretext and then strangled him. All it would take would be sneaking up on him from behind and then somehow getting the rope around his neck. The police doctors had said one person could do it. â€Å"What difference does it make, how?† Cassie asked tiredly. â€Å"He did it, that’s all that matters. And he did do it, Sally, I promise you. He killed Jeffrey.† Sally was staring hard into her eyes, her pugnacious face inches from Cassie’s. She shook her head and turned away. â€Å"I’m sorry,† Cassie said to the back of her rusty head. â€Å"I liked Jeffrey too. I know what you think, that I was trying to steal him or something. But I wasn’t. I was just – I was so excited that night at Homecoming. It was the first dance I’d ever been to when guys wanted to dance with me.† â€Å"Oh, I’m sure!† Sally snapped without turning around. â€Å"It was. It’s the truth, Sally,† Cassie said passionately. â€Å"Back in California I didn’t know any guys at all. I was just too shy. I don’t even know why they wanted to dance with me at Homecoming. Sally . . .† She gazed at the red-haired girl’s tight shoulders helplessly. Sally turned slowly. â€Å"I guess you don’t ever look in a mirror,† she said, but there was less animosity in her voice. Cassie blinked away the tears that threatened. â€Å"I do, but I don’t see anything special,† she said. â€Å"And I didn’t want to steal Jeffrey; I was just so flattered that he asked me. It was a beautiful night, and everything seemed enchanted, and then . . .† She looked from Sally to Logan, blinking again. â€Å"You don’t know how I felt when I realized he was dead. I would have done anything to catch the person who did it.† Logan took a step toward her, but Portia’s voice, sharp as a wasp sting, stopped him. â€Å"She’s doing it! She’s using her witch powers on you, right now. Don’t be stupid, Logan.† Cassie looked at her. â€Å"Portia, for God’s sake . . .† â€Å"Portia’s right,† Jordan said brutally. â€Å"If we listen to her, she’ll trick us. She’s been a liar from the start.† He pulled the metal thing out of the fire. â€Å"What is that?† Cassie asked. â€Å"A cattle brand.† Cassie thought about that, and tried to keep her fragile grip on control. Jordan stepped in * front of her, holding the long rod which was red-hot at the end. That didn’t surprise Cassie. What surprised her was what he said. â€Å"Where are the Master Tools?† he asked. Cassie was dumbfounded. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Mr. Brunswick told us,† Portia said, her voice thin and hard. â€Å"He told us that they’re the source of your power, and that if they’re destroyed you lose it all. He wants to destroy them himself and stop you forever.† Cassie had the wild impulse to laugh, but she knew that would only bring more trouble. So he’d put them up to this. And he knew she’d found the Master Tools. Right now, he must be expecting her to tell Jordan to save herself. Or maybe he was around here, hoping Cassie would call on him for help. I won’t, Cassie thought. No matter how bad it gets, I won’t do it. I don’t want to be saved by him. She looked around the clearing, especially at the shadows that flickered on the edges of the firelight. â€Å"He wants the Master Tools, all right,† she said distinctly. â€Å"But not to destroy them. He’d use them to destroy you, and us, too, if he can’t get us to knuckle under.† Jordan looked unsurprised. â€Å"You’ll tell us in a while,† he said. â€Å"I expected you to lie at first.† Cassie’s entire body tightened as he brought the glowing brand closer to her. I am brave, she thought, trying to calm her heartbeat. I am as strong as I need to be. But when she smelled the hot metal, sheer black fright swept through her. â€Å"Wait! Stop right there, Jurgen and Lowdown, or whatever your names are.† It was Deborah’s voice, angry and filled with elemental savagery. The girl was standing between two trees as if she’d just materialized there this moment. With her tumbled dark hair blending into the black shadows, and her graceful, stalking posture, she might have been some forest goddess come on a mission of vengeance. Jordan dropped the cattle brand and grabbed his gun, pointing it directly at Deborah. A new voice spoke quietly from the other side of the grove. â€Å"If you move away from Cassie and put the gun down,† Adam said in low, precise tones, â€Å"we won’t have to hurt you.† He had appeared just as soundlessly and he looked just as dangerous as Deborah. Cassie thought of the costume he’d worn at Halloween, the stag antlers and autumn leaves of the horned god. Right now she wouldn’t have been surprised to see a stag beside him. There was another slight movement and Cassie saw Diana. It was as if moonlight had suddenly stepped into the grove. An unearthly aura hung about the girl who stood with fair hair cascading around her like a shining cloak. Tall and slender, she had such an air of command that she might have been the goddess Diana, with the moon and stars at her fingertips. She looked at the outsiders silently with eyes as green as jewels, and then she spoke. â€Å"Get away from my friend,† she said. For an instant Cassie thought they were going to do it on the strength of her authority alone. Jordan’s gun wavered. Then it snapped up again, pointing toward Adam, and Logan snatched a burning stick from the fire. He held it close to Cassie’s face, as Jordan had held the brand. â€Å"Keep back or we’ll hurt her† he said. Adam let out his breath. â€Å"We warned you,† he said softly. Cassie was looking into Diana’s emerald eyes. She glanced at Logan’s burning stick, and then back. She could tell that Diana remembered the candle ceremony. Fire – so close she could feel its heat on her cheek. The flames changing shape every second, their radiance streaming endlessly upward. There was power in Fire, as Cassie had discovered when Faye had waved a piece of burning paper at her in the old science building. Power there for the taking . . . This time she took it. The stick flared up as if someone had dumped gasoline on it, and Cassie turned her face away, eyes shut against the brilliance. Logan screamed and threw the stick. Jordan’s head jerked sideways, he was distracted for an instant – – and that was all it took. Jordan went down as the Henderson brothers appeared from nowhere, leaping like twin golden flames. The gun fired a shot skyward, and then they were pinning him, one on each arm. Cassie saw Nick surge up from the shadows and grab Logan from behind. Logan struggled, but Adam joined Nick and the fight was over in seconds. By the time Cassie looked the other way, the outsider girls were taken care of. Sally was on her face, with Deborah kneeling on her back and Melanie standing over them. Portia was flattened against a tree, very still. Two feet from her, Raj was snarling, lips peeled back, hair bristling. Laurel stood just behind him, looking tall and terrible. â€Å"These trees,† she said to Portia, â€Å"have put up with a lot from your kind. If you try to run you’ll end up lost in the middle of them. That’s not to mention what the dog might do. If I were you, I wouldn’t move a muscle.† Portia didn’t. Diana walked over and cut Cassie’s ropes with a white-handled knife. It took some time. â€Å"Good job,† Suzan said from the sidelines. â€Å"Are you all right?† Diana asked Cassie, still with that frightening, unearthly aura about her. Cassie nodded. â€Å"We were already on our way when you called to Adam,† Diana said. â€Å"Laurel saw their car speeding down Crowhaven Road and Adam felt there was something wrong. He guided us to their car, but it was Raj who tracked you through the woods.† Cassie just nodded gratefully. She couldn’t speak. â€Å"Since Cassie’s all right, we won’t hurt you four,† Diana said aloud, then. â€Å"But we’re going to take this† – she picked up Jordan’s gun, holding it as if it were a poisonous snake – â€Å"and we’re going to leave you here. Your car has a few flat tires. You can walk home.† The four outsiders said nothing. Sally, still on the ground, was panting; Logan, with Nick’s arm around his throat, was trembling-still; Portia remained frozen against the tree. But it was Jordan who held Cassie’s attention. He was staring at Diana with eyes of pure hatred, like a cornered wild dog. It will never stop, Cassie thought. They’ll hate us even more after this. They’ll do something else to us, and we’ll do something to them, and it will never stop. On impulse, she walked over to where Jordan lay sprawled on his back on the forest floor, and she held out a hand to him. â€Å"We don’t have to be enemies,† she said. â€Å"Can’t we just end it now?† Jordan spat on her. Cassie went still, too surprised to be upset. Nobody had ever spat at her before. She looked in shock at her outstretched hand, then wiped it on her jeans. What happened next she heard later from Laurel, because she was actually looking down at the time. Nick started toward Jordan instantly, but he was hindered by having to get rid of Logan, and anyway Adam was simply faster. He moved faster than the eye could follow, grabbing Jordan by the front of the jacket and hauling him up, then knocking him down again with one lightning-quick blow to the face. Behind Cassie, the bonfire shot up in orange flames ten feet high. Jordan landed on his back, both hands clapped over his nose. â€Å"Get up,† Adam said. The flames roared and crackled, sending a shower of sparks floating into the darkness of the woods. Nick was beside Adam now. His face was emotionless, utterly cool, the old Nick. â€Å"Naw, buddy, I think he’s had enough,† he drawled, taking hold of Adam’s arm. Jordan lifted one hand from his nose, and Cassie saw the blood. â€Å"She’s a little liar. You’ll find out,† he yowled in a thick voice, looking from Cassie to Adam. For a moment Cassie thought Adam was going to hit him again. Then Adam turned away, as if forgetting Jordan existed. He didn’t seem to notice Nick’s existence either. He took Cassie’s hand, the one Jordan had spat on, turned it over, and kissed it. Cassie thought that somebody had better do something fast. â€Å"We should tie them up,† Melanie said, her calm, thoughtful voice pervading the clearing. â€Å"Or three of them at least – the fourth can be untying the others while we get away.† â€Å"Not too tightly,† Diana said, conceding. While Jordan, Logan, and Sally were being tied up, she stuck the white-handled knife in the ground by Portia. â€Å"You can cut them free when we leave. Don’t try to follow us,† she said. Portia didn’t look as if she might follow; her eyes were showing white all around. Diana followed her gaze to the fire, which was still roaring more like a burning oil well than a bonfire, and spoke softly to Cassie. â€Å"Can you tone that down a little? I think they’re scared enough.† Cassie, who wasn’t doing it, mumbled something inarticulate, and hastily went over to check on Sally’s bonds. Sally glanced at her out of the sides of her eyes and spoke without moving her lips. â€Å"I was wrong about you.† Cassie looked at her in surprise, but said nothing, leaning over as if to examine Sally’s tied wrists. â€Å"You may be right about Brunswick,† Sally said, still in almost inaudible tones. â€Å"If you are, I feel sorry for you. He’s going to do something on the ninth. There’s a full moon or something – and that’s when he’s going to move. He wanted the tools before then.† â€Å"Thanks,† Cassie whispered and she squeezed Sally’s hand behind her back. Then she straightened up as Diana said, â€Å"Let’s go.† As they left, Cassie nudged Adam inconspicuously. â€Å"Are you doing the fire?† she whispered. â€Å"What? Oh.† The flames fell, collapsing suddenly into a normal bonfire. â€Å"I guess so,† he said. They walked through the woods, Laurel and Deborah leading them surely among the dark trees, Raj trotting alongside. Cassie spent the entire walk thinking about Nick. She got in the Armstrong car with him when they came to the road. He drove silently, one arm along the back of the seat. The other cars were in front of them, headlights shining on the lonely road as they made their way back to New Salem. Cassie was trying to find the right words to say. She’d never had to do anything like this before and she was afraid to do it wrong. She was afraid to hurt Nick. But there was no way around it. From the instant that Adam had kissed her hand she had known. Cassie could like it or hate it, but there was no way to do anything about it. â€Å"Nick †¦Ã¢â‚¬  she said, and choked up. â€Å"You don’t have to say anything,† he said, in his old detached, nothing-hurts-me voice. Cassie could hear the pain underneath it. Then he looked at her, and his tone softened. â€Å"I knew what I was doing when I got into this,† he said. â€Å"And you never pretended anything else. It’s not your fault.† He’d said she didn’t have to say anything – but she did. She had to try to explain to him. â€Å"It’s not because of Adam,† she said softly. â€Å"I mean, it’s not for him, because I know there’s no hope. I – accept that now, and I’m happy for him and Diana. But I just†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stopped and shook her head helplessly. â€Å"This is going to sound totally stupid, but I can’t be with anybody else. Ever. I’m just going to have to . . .† She tried to think of a way to put it, but all she could come up with was a phrase out of one of her grandmother’s Victorian etiquette books she’d read one rainy afternoon. â€Å"I’m going to have to live a life of single blessedness,† she mumbled. Nick threw back his head and laughed. Real laughter. Cassie looked at him, embarrassed, but glad that at least he was smiling. His voice was more normal too, as he glanced at her sideways, taking his arm off the back of the seat. â€Å"Oh, you think so?† he said. â€Å"Well, what else am I supposed to do?† Nick didn’t answer, just shook his head slightly, with another little snort of laughter. â€Å"Cassie, I’m glad I met you,† he said. â€Å"You’re – unique. Sometimes I think you belong back in medieval times instead of now. You and Diana and him, all three. But, anyway, I’m glad.† Cassie felt more embarrassed, and she didn’t understand. â€Å"I’m glad I met you,† she said. â€Å"You’ve been so nice to me – you’re such a good guy.† He snorted again. â€Å"Most people would disagree,† he said. â€Å"But I’m not so bad. I’ll have to make sure I’m not, or I’ll still see you looking at me with those big eyes.† He started to fish a cigarette out of the pack in his pocket, then glanced at her sideways and tapped it back. Cassie smiled. She wished she could hold his hand, but that wouldn’t be right. She was going to have to make it alone now. She leaned back and looked through the windows at the lighted houses slipping by. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Power Chapter Twelve, Essay examples

The Life Of LOUIS PASTEUR Essay Research free essay sample

The Life Of LOUIS PASTEUR Essay, Research Paper Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822, in D? lupus erythematosus, a little town in France. He grew in a low household and his male parent was a sixpence. He graduated in 1840 from the College of Arts at Besancon and entered the esteemed Ecole Namale Supervieure, Paris, to work for his doctors degree grade. He chose for his surveies the so vague scientific discipline of crystallography, which was to hold a great influence on his calling. Pasteur entered the scientific universe as a professor of natural philosophies at the Lycee of Tournon and started his research on the optical belongingss of crystals of tartaric acid salts. He found the two signifiers of this acid which could revolve the plane of polarisation of visible radiation, one to the right and the other to the left. This was his first of import find in crystallography, the phenomenon of optical isomers. Paradoxically it incited him to abandon the field. But it won the acclamation of the Gallic Academy and Britain # 8217 ; s Royal Society. Therefore Pasteur became celebrated at the age of 26. Pasteur shortly began researching the complexnesss of bacteriology. The prevailing theory of life at the clip was self-generated coevals which states that certain signifiers of life such as flies, worms, and mice can develop from inanimate affair such as clay and disintegrating fish. Pasteur disproved this theory with a simple experiment. He showed that micro-organisms would turn in sterilised stock merely if the stock was foremost exposed to air incorporating spores, or generative cells. His findings led to the development of the cell theory of the beginning of life affair which states that all life originates from preexisting populating stuff. In 1849, Pasteur became professor of chemical science at the University of Strasbourg, where he began analyzing agitation, a type of chemical dislocation of substances by bugs. He served the remainder of his calling as Dean of Sciences at the University of Lille. Soon after his reaching at Lille, Pasteur was asked to work out the jobs of the local industries, acetum and silk industry. A manufacturer of acetum from Beta vulgaris juice wanted to cognize why the merchandise was sometimes spoiled. On analyzing the juice microscopically, Pasteur observed that the contamination, amyl intoxicant, was optically active. This gave clear grounds that it was produced by a life being. Pasteur so proposed a biological reading of the procedure of agitation. He demonstrated that when no taint by populating contagious disease took topographic point, the procedure of agitation or rot did non take topographic point. Thus the famed techniques of Pasteurization, came into being, it could non merely continue vino and milk but drastically cut rising prices in the sawbones # 8217 ; s runing tabular array. Today pasteurisation follows closely the early techniques of Louis Pasteur. In the instance of milk pasteurisation, the milk is heated to 161? F for 15 seconds followed by a rapid chilling to 50? F or lower. This procedure removes any unwanted bacteriums, but besides kills any good bac ! teria and reduces some of the alimentary belongings of milk. The Franco-Prussian War opened an avenue to press his microbic theory of infection, he got the grudging understanding of the military medical corps to sterilise instruments and steam patchs. As a consequence, 1000s of lives were saved. In 1873, Pasteur was elected to the Gallic Academy of Medicine, a dramatic accomplishment for a individual without a medical grade. Pasteur was now ready to travel from the simpler signifiers of life in the microbic universe to the diseases of the higher animate beings. The chance came through a annihilating eruption of splenic fever, a slayer pestilence of sheep in 1876. Pasteur tried to bring forth pure civilizations, his obj ective was to contend the disease and non merely to depict it. Pasteur had by chance forgotten in a corner of the research lab a civilization of poultry cholera and noticed that it had lost some of its virulency. Then he vaccinated some poulet which resisted the disease. The same technique, after betterment, was applied against B anthracis: sheep inoculated with the vaccinum survived and the non-vaccinated 1s died. A flagellum that had disabling economic effects was brought under control. Simultaneously, the rule of immunisation or the protection of the organic structure through vaccinums was discovered. In 1865, the silk industry of France faced an economic ruin by an epidemic among silkworms. He proceeded to the South of France and set up an jury-rigged research lab. He isolated the pathogens doing the disease and after three old ages of intensive work, he suggested suited redresss. This accomplishment coincided with personal calamity in his life: his two girls died of enteric fever febrility in 1866. In 1868, he suffered a set back in wellness, his left arm and leg being for good paralyzed. However, he continued with inexorable finding, his survey of silkworm diseases, which he perceived, will assist command diseases of higher animate beings, including adult male. Pasteur so started work on hydrophobias, the disease of animate beings, peculiarly Canis familiariss. The causative agent was a virus, an entity non capable of growing in scientists # 8217 ; broth, which nurtured bacteriums. Pasteur worked for five old ages to insulate and civilization the pathogen. Finally he prepared a vaccinum for injection. Animals could now be saved but the consequence of seeking out on worlds had to wait. On July 6, 1885, Joseph Meister with 18 bites from a rabid Canis familiaris, was brought to Pasteur. He treated him over a 12-day period with the vaccinum and the male child was saved. Pasteur is remembered for his advanced work as a instructor. He introduced alterations every twelvemonth in the stuff he taught in his category, as his chief concern was to show an image of scientific discipline unfastened to debate and treatment instead than based on fixed impressions. All along his calling, Pasteur maintained a punctilious record of his research lab work, in which he noted every twenty-four hours all his observations: description of experiments, new undertakings, notes on techniques of beer makers, vino agriculturists, sericulturists, bill of exchanges of letters, documents to scientific societies. Due to the utmost asperity and attention with which Pasteur used to compose his notes, they became an indispensable work tool. Pasteur # 8217 ; s 70th birthday in 1892 was celebrated in a alone manner, by being observed as a national vacation in France. His reference on this juncture carried a thoughtful message: # 8220 ; You bring me the greatest felicity that can be experienced by a adult male whose unbeatable belief is that scientific discipline and peace will prevail over ignorance and war # 8230 ; . In the long tally the hereafter will belong non to the vanquishers but to the Jesuss of world # 8221 ; . Pasteur, honored by the universe but unaffected, died on September 28, 1895, he was buried in a crypt in the Pasteur Institute. In 1940, the conquest Germans came to Paris. A German officer demanded to see the grave of Pasteur, but the old Gallic guard refused to open the gate. When the German insisted, the guard killed himself. The latter was Joseph Meister, whom Pasteur had saved from hydrophobia. Louis Pasteur made many valuable parts to the Fieldss of chemical science, medical specialty, and industry with findings and research still applicable today. In doing finds refering the spreading of diseases he was able to forestall the loss of many lives. Pasteur was a singular scientist who put his basic finds to utilize in mundane jobs in wellness and industry.